Maritime Law in Nigeria PDF A Comprehensive Guide

Navigating the complex world of Nigerian maritime law can be challenging, but understanding its intricacies is crucial for anyone involved in shipping, trade, or coastal activities. This guide delves into the key aspects of Nigerian maritime legislation, offering a clear and concise overview of its historical development, current statutes, and practical applications. From admiralty jurisdiction and shipping contracts to marine insurance and environmental protection, we explore the legal framework governing this vital sector of the Nigerian economy.

This exploration will cover the sources of Nigerian maritime law, the roles of various stakeholders, and the procedures for resolving maritime disputes. We will examine the interplay between domestic law and international maritime conventions, highlighting the challenges and opportunities presented by this dynamic legal landscape. The aim is to provide a readily accessible resource for professionals, students, and anyone seeking a deeper understanding of maritime law in Nigeria.

Introduction to Maritime Law in Nigeria

Nigerian maritime law governs all legal matters relating to shipping, navigation, and maritime commerce within Nigerian waters and, in certain instances, beyond. Its historical context is deeply intertwined with Nigeria’s colonial past and its subsequent development as an independent nation heavily reliant on its coastal resources and seaborne trade. The effective application of maritime law is crucial for fostering a stable and attractive investment climate in Nigeria’s maritime sector, a key contributor to the national economy.

Nigerian maritime law is a complex blend of domestic legislation, international conventions, and judicial precedent. Its relevance to the nation’s economy is undeniable, impacting everything from oil and gas exploration to port operations and international trade. A robust and well-defined legal framework is essential to protect national interests, attract foreign investment, and ensure the smooth functioning of the maritime industry.

Key Sources of Nigerian Maritime Law

The sources of Nigerian maritime law are multifaceted, drawing from various legal instruments and interpretations. These sources work together to create a comprehensive legal framework for maritime activities.

• Statutes: Nigerian maritime law is primarily codified in various statutes enacted by the National Assembly. Key legislation includes the Merchant Shipping Act, the Harbours Act, and the various acts relating to oil and gas exploration and exploitation in the nation’s offshore areas. These statutes provide the foundational legal principles governing various aspects of maritime activity.
• Regulations: Numerous regulations issued by government agencies, such as the Nigerian Maritime Administration and Safety Agency (NIMASA) and the Nigerian Ports Authority (NPA), supplement the statutory framework. These regulations often provide detailed rules and procedures for specific maritime activities, adding further clarity and operational guidance to the overarching legal framework.
• Case Law: Judicial decisions rendered by Nigerian courts, particularly the Federal High Court and the Court of Appeal, play a vital role in shaping the interpretation and application of maritime law. These decisions provide valuable precedents that guide future legal actions and contribute to the evolution of maritime jurisprudence in Nigeria.
• International Conventions: Nigeria is a signatory to numerous international maritime conventions, many of which have been incorporated into domestic law. These conventions, such as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and various International Maritime Organization (IMO) conventions, establish international standards and principles that influence Nigerian maritime law.

Jurisdiction of Nigerian Courts in Maritime Matters

The Federal High Court of Nigeria has primary jurisdiction over maritime disputes. This jurisdiction stems from the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, which vests the Federal High Court with exclusive original jurisdiction over admiralty matters. This includes matters relating to ship arrests, collisions, salvage, towage, charterparties, and other maritime contracts. The Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court serve as appellate courts for maritime cases, providing avenues for review of lower court decisions. The specific jurisdiction of each court is defined by the relevant statutes and established legal precedent. The Federal High Court’s specialized admiralty jurisdiction ensures that maritime cases are handled by judges with expertise in this complex area of law.

Admiralty Jurisdiction in Nigeria

Nigerian Admiralty jurisdiction, derived from both domestic legislation and international maritime conventions, governs a specific range of legal disputes arising from maritime activities. Its scope is broad, encompassing various aspects of maritime commerce and the operation of vessels. Understanding this jurisdiction is crucial for navigating the complexities of maritime law within Nigeria.

Admiralty jurisdiction in Nigeria is primarily exercised by the Federal High Court, which has exclusive original jurisdiction over maritime matters. This exclusive jurisdiction underscores the specialized nature of these legal issues and the need for consistent application of maritime law. The court’s powers extend to both in rem (against the ship itself) and in personam (against the individual or entity) actions.

Types of Cases under Admiralty Jurisdiction

The Federal High Court’s Admiralty jurisdiction covers a wide spectrum of maritime disputes. These include claims related to collisions, salvage, towage, general average, maritime liens, charterparties, bills of lading, and other contracts related to the carriage of goods by sea. Furthermore, cases involving the arrest of vessels, maritime mortgages, and claims for damage to cargo or vessels also fall under this jurisdiction. The court also addresses issues related to seamen’s wages and other employment-related disputes within the maritime sector. For example, a claim for unpaid wages by a crew member would be handled under this jurisdiction. Similarly, a dispute over the ownership of a vessel seized due to unpaid debts would fall under the Admiralty jurisdiction.

Procedures for Initiating and Pursuing Maritime Claims

Initiating a maritime claim involves filing a writ of summons or a statement of claim with the Federal High Court. The process often requires specialized knowledge of maritime law and procedure. The plaintiff, or claimant, must clearly articulate the basis of their claim, providing supporting documentation such as contracts, bills of lading, or survey reports. Once the claim is filed, the court will issue a process for service on the defendant, ensuring proper notification of the proceedings. The defendant is then required to file a defence outlining their position. Evidence is gathered and presented through affidavits, witness testimonies, and expert opinions. The court may order inspections or surveys of vessels or cargo as part of the proceedings. The process can culminate in a judgment, which may involve the award of damages, the sale of a vessel to satisfy a judgment, or other appropriate remedies. Appeals against the Federal High Court’s decisions are handled by the Court of Appeal and ultimately the Supreme Court.

Comparison with Admiralty Jurisdiction in Other Jurisdictions

While the fundamental principles of Admiralty law are largely consistent across various jurisdictions, procedural aspects and specific legal frameworks can differ significantly. For instance, the specifics of arrest procedures, the recognition of maritime liens, and the enforcement of judgments may vary between Nigeria and other countries like the United Kingdom, the United States, or Singapore. International conventions, such as the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Bills of Lading (Hague-Visby Rules), provide a degree of harmonization, but significant variations still exist in national laws and court procedures. For example, the threshold for arresting a vessel might differ between Nigeria and the US, reflecting variations in national legal traditions and priorities. Similarly, the availability of specific remedies or the recognition of certain types of maritime liens could vary across jurisdictions, necessitating careful consideration of the applicable law in each case.

Shipping and Carriage of Goods

The carriage of goods by sea in Nigeria is governed by a complex interplay of international conventions, national legislation, and customary practices. Understanding this framework is crucial for all stakeholders involved, from ship owners and carriers to shippers and cargo receivers. The legal landscape aims to balance the interests of these parties, ensuring fair practices and efficient movement of goods across maritime routes.

The legal framework governing the carriage of goods by sea in Nigeria draws heavily from international conventions such as the Hague-Visby Rules (implemented through the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act) and the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods by Sea (the Rotterdam Rules, although not yet fully ratified by Nigeria, its principles significantly influence legal interpretation). Domestic legislation, including the Merchant Shipping Act, also plays a vital role in regulating various aspects of shipping and carriage, such as registration of vessels, crew licensing, and port operations. Nigerian courts apply these legal instruments alongside principles of general maritime law to adjudicate disputes arising from sea carriage.

Liabilities and Responsibilities of Stakeholders

Ship owners, carriers, and shippers each bear distinct liabilities and responsibilities under Nigerian maritime law. Ship owners are generally responsible for the seaworthiness of their vessels, ensuring that they are properly maintained and equipped for the intended voyage. Failure to maintain a seaworthy vessel can lead to liability for losses or damages incurred as a result. Carriers, often the ship owners or charterers, are responsible for the safe carriage of goods from the port of loading to the port of discharge, unless otherwise stipulated in the contract of carriage. This responsibility includes taking reasonable steps to prevent loss or damage to the cargo. Shippers, in turn, are responsible for proper packaging, labeling, and documentation of their goods, ensuring they comply with relevant regulations and are fit for sea transport. Failure to do so can affect their ability to claim compensation for loss or damage. Contracts of carriage, often embodied in bills of lading, specifically define the rights and obligations of each party.

Common Disputes and Resolution Mechanisms

Disputes in the shipping and carriage of goods are frequent. Common issues include cargo damage or loss, delays in delivery, discrepancies in cargo quantity or quality, and disputes over freight charges. These disputes are often resolved through a combination of negotiation, arbitration, and litigation. The Nigerian courts, with their specialized admiralty jurisdiction, handle many maritime disputes. Arbitration, often specified in contracts of carriage, provides a faster and potentially less costly alternative to litigation. The choice of forum and dispute resolution mechanism is often stipulated in the contract of carriage. For example, a dispute concerning a damaged shipment of oil from Port Harcourt to Rotterdam might involve arbitration in London, as stipulated in the bill of lading, or litigation in a Nigerian court depending on the contract’s terms and the parties’ agreement. International conventions like the Hague-Visby Rules provide frameworks for determining liability and the burden of proof in such cases. Evidence presented in these disputes might include the bill of lading, the charter party, surveys of the cargo, and expert testimony regarding the cause of loss or damage.

Maritime Contracts in Nigeria

Maritime contracts form the bedrock of Nigeria’s maritime industry, governing the complex relationships between various stakeholders involved in shipping, port operations, and other related activities. Understanding the types, clauses, and legal implications of these contracts is crucial for ensuring smooth and legally sound transactions within the sector.

Types of Maritime Contracts in Nigeria

Several types of maritime contracts are commonly utilized in Nigeria, each tailored to specific aspects of maritime operations. These contracts often involve intricate details and require careful drafting to mitigate potential risks. Common examples include charterparties (governing the hiring of vessels), bills of lading (documenting the carriage of goods), towage contracts (for the towing of vessels), salvage agreements (for rescuing vessels or cargo in distress), and marine insurance policies (providing financial protection against maritime risks). The specific terms and conditions of these contracts are heavily influenced by established maritime law principles and conventions, as well as Nigerian domestic legislation.

Common Clauses in Nigerian Maritime Contracts

Nigerian maritime contracts frequently include clauses addressing key aspects of the agreement. These clauses aim to allocate risks, define responsibilities, and provide mechanisms for dispute resolution. Examples include clauses relating to: the vessel’s seaworthiness, the cargo’s condition, the delivery timeline, payment terms, limitations of liability, jurisdiction, and dispute resolution mechanisms (often arbitration). The inclusion and specific wording of these clauses can significantly impact the rights and obligations of the contracting parties. For example, a clause specifying a specific port of discharge is crucial in determining the responsibility for delays or damages that may occur during the discharge process. Similarly, a well-defined liability clause can limit the financial exposure of parties involved in the event of a breach of contract.

Legal Implications of Breach of Contract in Maritime Matters

Breach of contract in maritime matters can have significant legal and financial consequences. The remedies available to the aggrieved party depend on the nature of the breach and the specific terms of the contract. These remedies may include damages (monetary compensation for losses incurred), specific performance (a court order compelling the breaching party to fulfill their contractual obligations), injunctions (court orders preventing a party from taking certain actions), and even the arrest of the vessel involved in the breach (in cases of maritime liens). The legal process for resolving maritime contract disputes often involves specialized maritime courts or arbitration tribunals, given the unique complexities of maritime law. Determining liability and quantifying damages can be complex, often requiring expert testimony and evidence relating to market rates, industry standards, and the specific circumstances of the breach.

Examples of Maritime Contracts and Associated Risks

Marine Insurance in Nigeria

Marine insurance plays a crucial role in mitigating the inherent risks associated with maritime activities in Nigeria. It provides financial protection to ship owners, cargo owners, and other stakeholders involved in the maritime industry against potential losses arising from various perils at sea or during transit. The robust nature of the Nigerian maritime sector necessitates a well-developed and understood marine insurance framework.

Principles of Marine Insurance and its Importance in the Nigerian Maritime Industry

Marine insurance operates on several fundamental principles, including utmost good faith (uberrimae fidei), insurable interest, proximate cause, and indemnity. Utmost good faith mandates complete transparency and disclosure of all material facts by the insured to the insurer. Insurable interest requires the insured to have a financial stake in the subject matter of the insurance. Proximate cause determines the direct cause of a loss, and indemnity ensures that the insured is compensated only for the actual loss suffered, preventing profit from a loss. The importance of marine insurance in Nigeria stems from its ability to protect significant investments in shipping, cargo, and related operations from unforeseen events such as piracy, storms, collisions, and cargo damage, fostering confidence and stability within the industry. Without adequate insurance coverage, the Nigerian maritime sector would face significant financial instability and hinder its overall growth.

Types of Marine Insurance Policies Available in Nigeria

Several types of marine insurance policies cater to the diverse needs of the Nigerian maritime industry. Hull insurance covers the ship itself against damage or loss. Cargo insurance protects goods being transported by sea against various risks. Protection and indemnity (P&I) insurance covers liabilities to third parties, such as for personal injury or damage to other vessels. Freight insurance covers the potential loss of revenue from shipping if the cargo is lost or damaged. These policies can be tailored to meet specific requirements and risk profiles, offering comprehensive coverage for different aspects of maritime operations. The availability of these diverse policies contributes to a more secure and reliable maritime trade environment in Nigeria.

Legal Requirements for Valid Marine Insurance Contracts

A valid marine insurance contract in Nigeria, like any other contract, requires offer and acceptance, consideration, capacity to contract, and legality of object. Specific legal requirements for marine insurance include the accurate description of the subject matter insured, the risks covered, and the policy period. The Insurance Act of Nigeria provides the overarching legal framework for insurance contracts, while case law further clarifies specific aspects of marine insurance. Non-disclosure of material facts or misrepresentation can invalidate the contract, highlighting the importance of utmost good faith. Furthermore, adherence to the established legal framework ensures that insurance claims are processed fairly and efficiently, promoting trust and confidence within the industry.

Hypothetical Marine Insurance Claim Scenario and Resolution Steps

Imagine a scenario where a cargo ship carrying containers of agricultural products from Lagos to Douala suffers engine failure due to unforeseen mechanical defects mid-voyage. The cargo is consequently delayed, leading to spoilage of a significant portion of the perishable goods. The cargo owner, having purchased cargo insurance, submits a claim to the insurer. The insurer will initiate an investigation, reviewing the policy terms, assessing the extent of the damage, and verifying the proximate cause of the loss. Evidence such as the survey report from a marine surveyor, the ship’s logbook, and the bill of lading will be crucial. If the claim is valid and meets the policy conditions, the insurer will assess the losses and pay compensation to the cargo owner based on the policy’s terms and the value of the damaged goods. If there is a dispute over the claim’s validity or the amount of compensation, the matter may proceed to arbitration or litigation, according to the terms of the insurance contract. This process underscores the importance of clear policy wording, thorough documentation, and a well-defined claims procedure in marine insurance.

Salvage and Wreck Removal in Nigeria

Salvage and wreck removal in Nigerian waters are governed by a complex interplay of domestic legislation, customary international law, and established maritime practices. The primary legal framework stems from the country’s adherence to international conventions and its own specific statutes, aiming to balance the interests of salvors, vessel owners, and the protection of the marine environment. This section explores the legal framework, the rights and obligations of involved parties, and provides a case study illustrating the practical application of salvage law in Nigeria.

Legal Framework Governing Salvage Operations in Nigerian Waters

Nigerian salvage law is primarily informed by international conventions, notably the International Convention on Salvage, 1989 (the “1989 Convention”), although Nigeria is not a signatory. However, the principles enshrined within the 1989 Convention, which promote fair and equitable salvage awards, significantly influence judicial decisions. Domestic legislation, including the relevant sections of the Merchant Shipping Act and related regulations, further provides a legal basis for salvage operations within Nigerian territorial waters and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). These laws address issues such as the definition of salvage, the entitlement to salvage awards, and the procedures for determining the amount of such awards. The courts often consider customary international law and established maritime practices when interpreting and applying these laws.

Rights and Obligations of Salvors and Vessel Owners in Salvage Cases

Salvors, those undertaking salvage operations, have a right to a reasonable salvage award based on the services rendered, the risks undertaken, and the value of the property saved. Their obligations include exercising due diligence and professional skill in conducting the salvage operation, minimizing further damage to the vessel or cargo, and adhering to relevant safety regulations. Vessel owners, on the other hand, have an obligation to compensate salvors for successful salvage operations. However, they also have the right to challenge the reasonableness of a salvage award if they believe it is excessive or not justified by the services rendered. The courts play a crucial role in balancing these competing interests, ensuring fair and equitable outcomes.

Case Study: A Successful Salvage Operation in Nigeria

While specific details of salvage cases are often confidential due to commercial sensitivities, a hypothetical case can illustrate the process. Imagine a large container vessel, the “MV Hope,” suffers engine failure off the coast of Lagos. A specialized salvage company, “Ocean Rescue,” is contracted. Ocean Rescue successfully refloats the MV Hope and tows it to a safe port. The legal process would involve Ocean Rescue submitting a detailed claim to the owners of the MV Hope, outlining the services provided, the risks involved (e.g., challenging weather conditions, potential for further damage), and the value of the vessel and its cargo. The owners of the MV Hope would then either agree to the proposed salvage award or contest it in court. The court would consider all evidence presented, including expert testimony on the value of the services rendered and the risks involved, to determine a fair and reasonable salvage award.

Salvage Awards

Determining the amount of a salvage award is a complex process, taking into account various factors. Several key elements typically influence the final award:

• The value of the property saved (vessel, cargo, etc.).
• The skill and efforts of the salvors.
• The risks undertaken by the salvors (e.g., hazardous conditions, potential for damage).
• The success of the salvage operation.
• The expenses incurred by the salvors.
• The time taken to complete the salvage operation.

The final award is usually a percentage of the value of the property saved, although it may also include reimbursement of expenses. The court’s decision aims to ensure a fair balance between rewarding the salvors for their efforts and avoiding an excessive burden on the vessel owner.

Pollution and Environmental Protection

Nigeria’s maritime environment faces significant challenges from pollution, necessitating a robust legal and regulatory framework to protect its coastal waters and marine ecosystems. This section examines the legal provisions, liabilities, regulatory mechanisms, and penalties related to marine pollution in Nigeria.

Legal Provisions Relating to Marine Pollution

Nigerian law addresses marine pollution through a combination of international conventions and domestic legislation. Key legislation includes the Harmful Wastes (Special Provisions) Act, the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) Act, and various decrees and regulations enacted under these Acts. These laws generally prohibit the discharge of harmful substances into Nigerian waters and establish procedures for responding to pollution incidents. Nigeria is also a signatory to several international conventions, such as MARPOL (International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships), which sets international standards for preventing pollution from ships. The incorporation of these international standards into domestic law strengthens Nigeria’s ability to combat marine pollution effectively. Enforcement, however, remains a challenge.

Liabilities of Parties Responsible for Marine Pollution Incidents

Liability for marine pollution incidents in Nigeria is complex and can depend on the source and nature of the pollution. The polluter typically bears primary liability, whether it is a ship owner, operator, cargo owner, or other responsible party. Strict liability principles may apply, meaning liability exists regardless of fault. This is particularly relevant in cases of oil spills from tankers. In addition to the polluter, other parties may share liability, such as those involved in the transportation or handling of the polluting substance. Civil lawsuits seeking compensation for damages caused by marine pollution are possible, and criminal prosecutions can also be pursued for violations of environmental laws. Determining liability often involves complex investigations and legal proceedings.

Regulatory Framework for Environmental Protection in Nigerian Maritime Zones

The Federal Ministry of Transportation, through its agencies like the Nigerian Maritime Administration and Safety Agency (NIMASA), plays a crucial role in regulating maritime activities and protecting the environment. NIMASA is responsible for enforcing environmental regulations within Nigerian territorial waters and its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). This includes monitoring ship discharges, inspecting vessels for compliance, and responding to pollution incidents. Other agencies, such as the National Agency for the Control of AIDS (NACA) and the Federal Ministry of Environment, also have roles in overseeing environmental protection in the maritime sector, often collaborating on specific issues. The regulatory framework aims to prevent pollution from various sources, including ships, oil and gas operations, and industrial discharges.

Penalties for Violating Environmental Regulations in the Maritime Sector

Penalties for violating environmental regulations in Nigeria’s maritime sector vary depending on the severity of the offense and the applicable legislation. Penalties can include substantial fines, vessel detention, suspension or revocation of operating licenses, and even criminal prosecution leading to imprisonment. The level of fines can be significant, aiming to deter pollution and encourage compliance. The specific penalties are Artikeld in various laws and regulations, often considering factors such as the quantity of pollutants released, the extent of environmental damage, and the degree of negligence or intent involved.

Types of Marine Pollution and Legal Consequences

International Maritime Conventions and Nigeria

Nigeria’s engagement with international maritime conventions is crucial for its role in global trade and the effective management of its coastal waters and maritime resources. Adherence to these conventions ensures alignment with international best practices and facilitates seamless interaction within the international maritime community. The impact of these conventions on Nigerian maritime law is significant, shaping its legislative framework and judicial interpretations.

Nigeria is a signatory to numerous key international maritime conventions, influencing various aspects of its maritime sector. These conventions provide a framework for international cooperation and standardization, addressing critical issues like safety, security, and environmental protection. Their implementation in Nigeria requires domestic legislation and effective enforcement mechanisms.

Key International Maritime Conventions and Nigerian Signatory Status

The impact of international maritime conventions on Nigerian maritime law is substantial. These conventions often set minimum standards that Nigeria must meet, influencing the development of domestic legislation and judicial interpretations. For example, the adoption of the SOLAS Convention necessitates the enactment of domestic laws concerning ship safety standards, impacting vessel inspections and certification processes within Nigeria. Failure to comply with these conventions can result in sanctions and impede Nigeria’s participation in international trade. Examples of key conventions include the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW), the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL), and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Nigeria’s ratification of these instruments demonstrates its commitment to international maritime standards.

Impact of Conventions on Nigerian Maritime Law

The incorporation of international maritime conventions into Nigerian law significantly shapes its legal framework. Many conventions require domestic legislation to translate their provisions into actionable laws. For instance, the MARPOL Convention, which addresses marine pollution, necessitates Nigerian laws and regulations on oil spill response, waste management at sea, and port state control measures. This integration ensures that Nigerian law aligns with international standards and facilitates cooperation with other nations in tackling maritime challenges. The influence extends to judicial proceedings, where international conventions serve as guiding principles for judges interpreting maritime law.

Enforcement Mechanisms for International Maritime Conventions in Nigeria

Enforcement of international maritime conventions in Nigeria relies on a multi-faceted approach. This involves legislative action, administrative regulations, and judicial processes. Nigeria’s relevant ministries, such as the Ministry of Transportation and the Nigerian Maritime Administration and Safety Agency (NIMASA), play crucial roles in implementing and enforcing these conventions. These agencies conduct inspections, issue licenses and certificates, and impose penalties for non-compliance. Furthermore, Nigerian courts have the power to adjudicate disputes arising from the violation of these conventions. The effectiveness of enforcement relies on adequate resources, effective monitoring, and robust judicial processes. Challenges may include inadequate funding, lack of capacity, and difficulties in securing international cooperation in cases involving foreign vessels.

Conclusion

The Nigerian maritime sector, a significant contributor to the nation’s economy, operates within a robust yet evolving legal framework. This guide has provided a foundational understanding of key areas within Nigerian maritime law, including its historical context, jurisdictional aspects, and the practical implications for various stakeholders. While challenges remain in enforcing regulations and navigating the complexities of international conventions, the ongoing development and refinement of Nigerian maritime law demonstrate a commitment to ensuring a safe, efficient, and sustainable maritime environment.

Commonly Asked Questions

What is the role of the Nigerian Maritime Administration and Safety Agency (NIMASA)?

NIMASA is the primary regulatory body responsible for overseeing and enforcing maritime safety and security standards in Nigeria.

Are there specific courts dedicated to maritime cases in Nigeria?

Yes, Federal High Courts in Nigeria have Admiralty jurisdiction to hear and determine maritime cases.

What are the common penalties for violating environmental regulations in Nigerian waters?

Penalties can range from substantial fines to imprisonment, depending on the severity of the violation.

How does Nigerian maritime law address piracy and armed robbery at sea?

Nigeria actively participates in international collaborations to combat piracy and has domestic laws addressing these crimes.